Acountability of a weapon

This is a paper written on the importance of keeping eyes on your weapon, written by Private John Jacob smith on the twenty third of September year two thousand fourteen. When you are in possession of a weapon for training purposes, or otherwise, for example; m 4, m 4 320 combo, m 249 saw, m 240 b, or 240 c, It is important to always maintain physical or visual contact with the weapon at all times. Also you should never be more than your own arm's length in distance from your weapon at any time.In the event that you should need to use the toilet, you should mind a responsible battle buddy that you know you can trust and request for them to look over the weapon while you are using the toilet. In the event you can not find a battle buddy that is both responsible and trustworthy to watch over your weapon while you are using the toilet, you will have to bring the weapon with you in to the restroom and insure that you wash your hands before using the weapon again.When on a firing range, i f for any reason you must leave your weapon with a persons who was placed with the responsibility of looking over your or a group of people's paeans by a higher authority, first insure your weapon is placed in the safe position an also make sure that the weapon Is cleared before leaving the weapon in the care of this person. There are many ways to Insure that your weapon Is both secure and safe. Whichever method you chose to keep your weapon safe and secure Is up to you.If you fail to keep your weapon safe and secure It could result In punishment by your superior NCO or specialist. Leaving your weapon unsecured could also result In life threatening consequences. Those consequences could be perhaps a deranged older getting their hands on your weapon and using the weapon to do harm on your fellow soldiers or even civilians. This would make you solely responsible for any deaths or Injuries that the deranged soldier caused. Leaving you weapon unattended could also result In the loose of the weapon.In which case you would have to replace the weapon at full cost from your personal Income. This could leave you with short founds and could result In further loss of your own personal goods. Not only could losing your weapon effect you financially but It could also affect your chances of getting promoted In the future. The loss of your weapon could also affect your battle buddies, causing them to stay latter looking for your weapon Instead of going home to their family and loved ones.Affecting your battle puddles personal time with their families could possibly damage you relationship with your team members and In the end could brand you as a salt bag amongst your peers. In conclusion If you are not responsible with your weapon, all kinds of bad salt could happen. Accountability of a weapon By Amsterdam an also make sure that the weapon is cleared before leaving the weapon in the care of this person. There are many ways to insure that your weapon is both secure and safe. Whichever method you chose to keep your weapon safe and secure is up to you. If you fail to keep your weapon safe and secure it could result in punishment by your superior NCO or specialist. Leaving your weapon unsecured could also result in life deaths or injuries that the deranged soldier caused. Leaving you weapon unattended could also result in the loose of the weapon. In which case you would have to replace the weapon at full cost from your personal income. This could leave you with short founds and could result in further loss of your own personal goods.Not only could losing your weapon effect you financially but it could also affect your chances of getting promoted in the future. The loss of your weapon could also affect your battle buddies, causing them to stay latter looking for your weapon instead of going home to their family and loved ones. Affecting your battle buddies personal time with their families could possibly damage you relationship with your team members and in the end could brand you as a sit bag amongst your peers. In conclusion if you are not responsible with your weapon, all kinds of bad sit could happen.

Atlantic Charter and Its Affect in Wwii Essay

The Atlantic Charter was an incredibly important policy that would have an impact on the entire world from the moment it was drafted by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August of 1941 to the present day and beyond. The two men met in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, hence the name Atlantic Charter, during World War 2. While it is called the Atlantic Charter, it was technically a joint declaration by the two world leaders and as such not a formal legal document. A few months later the Charter would be agreed upon by all the Allied Nations. It was important both for the specifics included in the document as well as the symbolism of Roosevelt producing the Charter with Churchill. It was more of a set of goals than a specific blueprint and it contained 8 key principles: 1. Renunciation of territorial aggression 2. Opposition to territorial changes without consent of the peoples concerned 3. Support for the right of people to choose their own government 4. Access to raw materials for all nations 5. Support of efforts to improve the economic condition of people throughout the world 6. Freedom from fear and want 7. Freedom of the seas 8. Disarmament of aggressors The Atlantic Charter was completely opposite the actions of the Axis Powers, who were expanding their territory and conquering territory all across the world. The principles set out in the Atlantic Charter would provide a basis for international cooperation and international law. It would also provide a foundation for important economic agreements throughout the world that were strong enough to withstand times when countries might oppose each other on one matter but still need to trade. It would also help in creating boundaries and dealing with the aftermath of the war. From the start of the war in Europe, the United States had maintained a neutral stance. While Franklin D. Roosevelt himself was openly sympathic to the Allies, the American public was opposed to getting involved in a war in Europe. In order to support the Allies without violating neutrality Roosevelt redefined the actual neutrality act in the United States. Roosevelt sympathized in particular with Britain, who was having an increasingly difficult time dealing with the Germans. A few months before the Atlantic Charter was written, Roosevelt had gotten an important piece of legislation through congress that allowed the United States to give material support to Britain without charging them for it, called the Lend-Lease Act. This had greatly pleased Winston Churchill, the co-author of the Atlantic Charter, because while he appreciated the support of the US, he needed help in the war. The Atlantic Charter provided the philosophical foundation for the Allies in World War 2 and a blueprint for the post-war world. The principles outlined in the Atlantic Charter are still important in the interactions of nations to this day.

Why is the UN's human rights agenda so limited Essay - 1

Why is the UN's human rights agenda so limited - Essay Example gressive developmental cooperation, some people around the globe, especially those concerned with the human rights treaties and millennium declaration, feel that it is a betrayal of the embodied universal values. Based on items of the current human rights agenda of MDGs, the only item that tries to address sustainable development is on environmental sustainability. However, it gives a bias to two specific issues, which are water and sanitation to improve access to safe drinking water. Apparently, the item seems to focus much to the problems that many societies in the developing and emerging nations struggle with than the already developed nations. The focus of MDGs on access to clean water and sanitation is just but a narrow focus to the big question of water resources management, in a world that is struggling with environmental degradation, declining water resources affected by the climatic conditions and increased utilization of water. The truth is that even after the ‘water for life decade of action’ comes to an end, there will still remain persistent issues related to water, least to mention the challenging factors associated with the environment that affect sustainable deve lopment. It is evident that there was a narrow focus on sustainable development. According to Schaefer- Preuss, MDGs focused on â€Å"halving the proportion of people in the globe who lacked access to sustainable clean water and basic sanitation† (2014, p.1). While this is just an aspect of the complex need to sustainable development, policy makers failed to consider crucial changes a decade later. Climatic conditions, population growth, and factors of economic development like industrialization are all working to influence the global water cycle and utilization. Today, there are far worse challenges to environmental sustainability inclusive of deforestation, extractive industries that could lead to humanitarian crisis, and which serve as potential hindrances to broad sustainable

Research a current issue in relation to the topic Assignment

Research a current issue in relation to the topic - Assignment Example this reason, the paper will dwell on the solution and the effects of the lack of legal privilege towards the male and female along with recognizing the prevailing stereotype of the issue on hand. It has been proven that college students who encountered abuse are more comfortable in dealing with their experience with their peers rather than with professionals. In this manner, it is more acceptable to these students to deal with their experience with an informal conversation with their peers (Balk 179). According to the report written by Caroline Kitchener, she cited that it has been reported that most of the universities in the United States are already offering â€Å"peer-to-peer sexual assault counselling programme.† This programme is beneficial for students, as well as for the institution. However, most of these undergraduate peer counsellors receive at most 24 hours training. This is supported by the study of Salovey and D’Andrea (264) that shows most of the peer counsellors receive inadequate training materials and programs prior to being peer counsellors. The interview of the peer counsellors suggested that there was inappropriate and synchronized training model for the peer counsellors. The problem with this inadequate training is that the peer counsellors do not have the legal privilege to make their conversations with the involved individuals confidential. Therefore, the university peer counsellors must undergo trainings which are approved by the state in order for them to practice legal privilege in terms of confidentiality. Legal privilege is given to them in order to protect the involved individuals when forced to disclose their conversations (Anderson). The lack of assurance that the conversation between the peer counsellor and the involved individual often times restricts the involved individual in being honest with the counsellor. For both men and women, they will be hesitant in sharing their vulnerable and fragile moments and feelings towards the

Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Environmental - Essay Example trillion, Germany $3.383 trillion, Japan $5.88 trillion and United States $16.02 trillion are higher than that of the Arab World 2641.6819, constituting of twenty-two states (The World Factbook n.p). This is a clear indication that Arab world benefits less from the Middle East Oil. Additionally, comparison between the Palestine GDP (6.641) to Israel (254) shows that Israeli is on the lead. A countries GDP (official exchange rate) is determined by dividing the home-currency-denominated yearly GDP amount with the mutual standard of US $ exchange rate (The World Factbook n.p). This helps in determining the accurate value of output of a particular country. The Arab World’s GDP measure clearly shows that it enjoys less economic power from the Middle East Oil compared to other countries. The information obtained from the CIA World Factbook is credible in challenging stereotypes that many individuals and countries hold about the 22 Arab League members. The information clearly shows that the Arab World enjoys very little from the Middle East Oil while countries like United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States reaping more from the marketplace (The World Factbook n.p). This is because the Arab World enjoys less purchasing power at international marketplace and thus has little economic

Seminar in Criminology - Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Seminar in Criminology - Research paper - Essay Example These are not good prison films because they show criminals suffering behind bars, but they are good because the actors capture those moments as if they were real. Though there are critics that may argue that the films do not provide an authentic presentation of prison life, the film directors try as much to capture all the details. In United States, prisoners have always had to adapt to so many pressures which most of them have to adapt to so as to survive while in prisons (Pollock, 2011). This has always been the turn of events in the last few decades. In the last seven to nine years, the criminal justice system has transformed and it is now changed the way most prisons are today. As noted by the prisoners who are there today, the challenges that the Federal Bureau of Prisons registers in its records from prisons shows that they have intensified and exchanged as opposed to the way they were 20 or 30 years ago (Thistlethwaite & Wooldredge, 2014). All prisons have a specific subculture that is exceptional only to them. It is the functional code or a system of beliefs that inmates adhere by when in any prison. However, looking at the behavior of inmates while in prison it is important to know the terms involved. What is a prison subculture? Thistlethwaite and Wooldredge (2014) it is a means of adapting to the deprivations that inmates face while in prison. According to Blackbrun, Pollock and Fowler (2012), prisoner subculture refers to the inmate code which is the set code of behavior among inmates, or special languages or values and prisoner roles. From this description, the subculture of prisoners shows that it is usually associated with negative use of words such as â€Å"sissys† and â€Å"punks† (Blackbrun, Pollock and Fowler, 2012). Based on what Blackbrun, Pollock and Fowler (2012) see as a prison subculture, development of such prisoner roles, and

Federalist paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federalist paper - Essay Example It was published on November 22, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all the Federalist Papers were published. The essay is the most famous of the Federalist Papers and among the most highly regarded of all American political writings (qtd from Federalist No. 10 2005). Federalist Paper No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "factions," groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community (Federalist No. 10 2005). Madison defines "factions" as a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community (Madison 1787). Madison begins his essay by arguing that a well-constructed Union can have the tendency to break and control the violence of faction. Moreover, he continues that instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils, have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished as they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious declamations (M adison 1787). Madison takes the position that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction: removing the causes of faction or controlling its effects. He contends that there are two ways to remove the causes that provoke the development of factions. One, the elimination of liberty, he rejects as unacceptable (Federalist No. 10 2005). The other, creating a society unified in view and interest, he sees as impractical because the causes of faction, among them variant economic interests, are inherent in a free society. Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects (Federalist No. 10 2005). He continues to argue that Liberty is necessary to its survival. Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. However, it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it breeds faction, than it would be to wish the extinction of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency (Madison 1787). As long as the connection subsists between man's reason and man's self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a give-and-take influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will connect themselves. The variety in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an undefeatable barrier to an equality of interests (Madison 1787). By controlling its effects in order to secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed (Madison 1787).A republic, Madison writes, differs from a democracy in that its government is delegated to representatives, and because of this, it can be extended over a larger area. The fact that a republic can encompass larger areas and populations is strength of th at form of government (Federal No. 10, 2005). Madison believes that larger societies will have a greater variety of diverse

Analysis of American Psycho Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of American Psycho - Essay Example However, competition is inevitable when many men are together. It can occur over simple matter or it can also occur over more important aspects such as leadership. In Bateman’s world, the worth of a man is defined by the quality and prestige of a business card. This makes a lot of sense: since representatives of this group can through money into each other, figuratively speaking, they agreed on the idea that a business card should become a representative of its holder. That is why every man around Bateman is concerned with making his card better than others. This is what gives the plot the initial development: the main character is outraged when he learns that one of his friends has a better card than he does. What is more important is that the above mentioned closely connected world of successful men is reinforced with a handful of notions that are widely promoted. One of them is homophobia (Sedgwick 51). For example, Luis Carruthers misinterprets one of the actions of Batema n and declares his love for him, but the latter rejects him in disgust. This scene is extremely important since it puts emphasis on two aspects. First of all, Carruthers who is supposedly gay had to conceal his true identity because of the fear that others would condemn him which is the metaphorical closet (Sedgwick 50). In addition to that, when he speaks out his true feelings Bateman, being an average representative of this high-end part of the population, rejects him, suggesting that homophobia is a norm in this environment.

Answer quesiton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer quesiton - Essay Example By providing a large number of provincial and local executive offices, the mestizos stamped their mark of authority and control over the bicameral form of government in nearly all aspects of the sociological and political history of the Philippines. Further, they consolidated their rights and power by giving administrative rights and powers in the hands of their blood relatives and friends. Their brothers, sisters and other close members were given senior positions in the power blocs, and sons and nephews were vested with junior authority levels. The idea was to ensure total domination of the country in the hands of the mestizos. Thus they avoided democratic forms of sharing power with the elected representatives of the people. The origin of political dynasty rule was enunciated by the earlier Aquinos and Cojuangcos and has since, through the process of descent, passed onto the hands of the present ruler, Corazon Aquino. The absence of democratic process and the rule of dynasties has been one aspect by which the Filipino political scenario differs significantly from that of other South East Asian nations. Yet another aspect is that, unlike other SE Asian nations, which boast of massive bureaucratic style of governing, in Philippines the mestizos are under the administrative control of the Americans, to whom they have pledged support, in return for a bargain to remain in power. There is a minimum number of positions for civil servants and the entire power sharing lies in the hands of the mestizos. There were massive conversions into Christianity and today, nearly 90% of the population is of Christian faith. These conversions were carried out, not through use of the medium of the Spanish language, but by use of a host of other languages. Although Philippines was ruled by the Spaniards for a considerable length of time, Spanish has not become the common language of the local people of the island

The market entry strategy of international fashion brand Essay

The market entry strategy of international fashion brand - Essay Example he purpose of insuring the correct market entry of the designer brand, so that the company does not face any risk or loss after launching the â€Å"Tekbir Giyim† brands. The research that is being conducted is through questionnaires, through mall intercepts as women love to go out for shopping, and specially the increasing Muslim community in various parts of Europe is definitely interested in buying the designer brand which is being prepares specially for them. Although the products are still being sold to people but they are not yet owned by the original company â€Å"Tekbir Giyim†, which means that people do not find the brand under the company’s name, it is sold through the distribution. The business these days are getting failed easily on for no reason but yet the proper research clarifies the doubts in minds of people willing to initiate business, the job that we would be performing for the company is the same that is to identify the opportunities and minim ize the chances of loss. The company is facing a lot of trouble right now and thus the research task is to follow a sequence from the problem definition which is the base for the project to be started, to the final stage which is report presentation, which would help the company in taking on further decision, whether to go for the launching of â€Å"Tekbir Giyim† or not, meanwhile the development of an approach to the problem, research design formulation that includes the conclusive research, data collection and its preparation would also be playing a key role in ensuring us about the outcome. The basic idea to conduct this entire research on the designer brand â€Å"Tekbir Giyim† is to identify the possibility of its successful launching in a place other than it is currently available. Our main objective is to go through all the steps in marketing research process, one by one, which would ensure us whether it would be relevant for the company to go for launching or not. This research would not only be

Minimum Wage Essay Example for Free

Minimum Wage Essay Increasing the minimum wage has been considered to be one factor that results in higher unemployment rate. Various authors on this subject outline different views on the effects of increasing the minimum wage on unemployment rate. One study shows that effect on increasing the minimum wage varies in different economies. Another says increasing wage rates does not affect unemployment rate. And, there are also studies which indicate that there is an effect although not that significant in affecting occupation loss. This paper aims to present issues that will provide clear views on whether an increase in the minimum wage results in higher unemployment rate. Wage rate is the representation of the non-existent to the slightest bargaining power of the workforce (Bernstein and Schmitt, n. d. ). Increasing the minimum wage is done to alleviate poverty. (Macpherson, 2005; Bernstein and Schmitt, n. d. ). Its main goal is to help low-wage workers uplift their income and cope up with the rising cost of living (Page, et al. , 1999). However, it has been criticized because of its ill effect on employers’ business. It has been said that an increase in the minimum wage rate would cause unemployment. There had been studies about the effects of the minimum wage rate hike, but they do not point out to one outcome. Different economies have different outcomes when subjected to minimum wage increase (Fields and Kanbur, 2005). Different countries have comparative results when an increase in the wage rate is implemented. However, it will certainly be effective for the low-wage earners. An analysis made by Burkhauser and Sabia (2005) showed that an increase in the minimum wage rate has not been effective as far as poverty alleviation is concerned because the increase was given only to low-wage earners. Other workers earning higher wage but were also within the poverty level were not granted similar increase, as such only those employed in minimum wage rate jobs were able to realize the benefits. The effect of the wage rate, in this case, does not necessarily address the needs of those with low incomes. Not all people that are in need of the wage increase are working at a minimum-wage earning occupation. Increasing the minimum wage is also believed to be favorable for the poor working men and women. However, its effects are far from helpful, in fact, increasing the minimum wage is hurtful to business and may result to unemployment. The wage hike will cause the salary of low-wage jobs to be equivalent to the salaries of those in higher job levels. Since these jobs have higher requirements in terms of skills, the least skilled are more likely to be laid off from work. A minimum wage rate hike and its effect on unemployment were seen in the study of Brown (1988 as cited by Burkhauser and Sabia, 2005). An increase in the wage rate caused a small decrease in the employment of teenagers. The decrease upheld the theorized increase in unemployment rate for an increase in the minimum wage rate. A study also showed that it is not a matter of how much the laborer is earning, the salary that a worker receives, which will improve in case of a minimum wage increase, but the employment status of the worker. These workers are more likely to be dismissed when a company suffers loss, in the form of higher operational costs, as a result of minimum wage hike. (Deere, 1998). The study further showed that not all workers earning a minimum wage rate are actually poor and may not in need of the increase (Burkhauser and Sabia, 2005). Most of the workers that will benefit from wage increase are the young workers, aged 24 or younger (Macpherson, 2005). The workers that are aged 24 or younger are mostly employed in these minimum-wage earning occupations. In addition, a higher wage would mean more interested workers but due to the surplus of workers, a crowding out would occur or less hours of work would be allotted per person. This would result to a decline in the earnings of each worker (Page, et al. , 1999). Macpherson’s study (2005) in Pennsylvania indicated that an increase in the minimum wage rate would really be costly for employers and thus, lead to mass laying-off of workers. Few firms are able to continue operation given the increase in wage rates, hence only few workers are needed. The company may retain more workers but may reduce the working hours for each employee. In both cases, the low wage earners are the ones affected because they may get the desired increase in wage but may end up spending little time for work, hence reducing their income. However, a study indicated that retail jobs are the only jobs which prove that higher minimum wage rates decrease the employment (Fox, 2006). For other firms, it would be better to engage in other programs that may promote increase in work-hours instead of increasing the minimum wage rate to motivate employees. One way to alleviate poverty is to consider the family income of low-wage earners. Extending non-monetary benefits will somehow improve the lives of minimum wage earners and can be given to them in lieu of the wage increase. (Burkhauser and Sabia, 2005). Minimum wage hikes are beneficial to workers and companies alike. It keeps the workers to stay in the company for a long time, thus developing loyalty to the job. Although granting an increase in wage to workers may add up to operating expenses of a company, still it is benefited in the long run because it will not incur cost on training new workers. Fox, 2006). Periodic grant of an increase in the minimum wage rate is needed to augment workers’ income, such that they are able to cope up with the rising cost of living. The slightest increase in their wages raises the workers’ economic well-being since it makes them more capable of financing the most basic needs of the family. This is particularly true for workers who are the heads of the households (Burkhauser and Sabia, 2005; Bernstein, et al. , 1999). An increase in unemployment is not necessarily caused by an increase in the minimum wage rate (Fox, 2006). A classic example in this theory was the increase in the minimum wage rate in the years 1996 and 1997 that did not lead to the dismissal of teenagers, which were believed to be less skillful workers (Bernstein and Schmitt, n. d. ). If the increase in the wage rate does cause a significant decrease in employment, there would have been larger decreases in the employment over the years (Card, 1992 as cited by Fox, 2006; Bernstein and Schmitt, n. d. ). Wage hike does have psychological effects on workers such as: higher productivity, decreased turnover, lower recruiting and training costs, decreased absenteeism and higher morale, which are believed to offset the costs of increasing the wage (Bernstein and Schmitt, n. d. ; Card and Krueger, 1995 as cited by Fox, 2006; Bernstein, et al. , 1999;). Increasing minimum wage rate even attracts employment (Clinton, 1995 as cited by Burkhauser and Sabia, 2005). The effect of increasing the minimum wage rate on the rise in unemployment rate is generally small and statistically insignificant (Bernstein and Schmitt, 1998 as cited by Fox, 2006). Decreases in the unemployment rate may also be caused by the wage hike, but only to a small extent. A more likely cause of unemployment is the performance of the economy (Chipman, 2006 as cited by Fox, 2006; Costales, et al. 2000), one of which is the existence of a deflationary gap. It is a situation wherein the aggregate expenditure of the economy is less than the full employment level of income or output, hence suggesting the existence of unemployment (Costales, et al. , 2000). In fact, empirical studies show that the employment on firms which implemented the higher minimum wage rates are higher than those without the raise, which both have positive and negative effects (Burton and Hanauer, 2006 as cited by Fox, 2006). The negative effects of more employment were stated in preceding pages of this report. The overall positive effects of the increase in the wage rate set a sense of value for low-wage workers’ employment and uplift their living standards. (Fox, 2006). It serves as one of the tools in poverty reduction because the primary goal of the minimum wage policy is to increase income of the low-wage earners (Burkhauser and Sabia, 2005). Raising the minimum wage rate affects employment opportunities. It makes job seekers less likely to get a job while those who are already employed are expected to retain the employment. (Deere, 1998). Firms who do not have the money to shoulder additional wages for an increase in the minimum wage rate are usually the ones who are against the implementation of wage hikes. This is the primary cause of laying off of workers and the increase in the unemployment rate. This also is the cause of firing less skilled workers because firms opt to retain the workers who are more skillful. However, if the firms are able to sustain the costs, the increase will be both beneficial to employers (moral uplifting and better performance of the employees) and to the workers (higher income for basic needs). Increasing the minimum wage of low-salaried workers is part of the bargaining agreement between the workers’ union and the company. It is given in the hope of alleviating poverty. However, study shows that it may not be true in all cases because some companies may opt to adopt work allocation among workers which could mean limited time for work meaning limited income on the part of the affected workers. Though increasing minimum wage may result in higher operating costs, the increase is not the only factor that affects the employment status of workers. Effects of increase in the minimum wage vary in different economies, hence the country’s economic performance directly affects unemployment rate due to the presence of deflationary gap. Increase in the minimum wage rate does not directly affect the unemployment rate, but rather, it affects the costs of the firms. In turn, these firms which cannot operate at a higher cost screen their current workers and cut those who have little experience to maximize their returns. However, there are firms which value the welfare of the workers and treat it as part of the working costs included in the production. Thus, they consider additional costs, resulting from wage hikes, negligible. Therefore, increasing the minimum wage does not result in higher unemployment rate.

Whether Media Actually Leads To Homogenisation Process Media Essay

Whether Media Actually Leads To Homogenisation Process Media Essay Globalisation and media are closely inter-connected. The growth of globalisation has accelerated to a large extent with the growth and development of media technology especially in areas of TV, films, internet, videos, music, news etc. Media acts as an agent of globalisation in generating homogenisation by spreading cultural symbols, ideas and practices across socio cultural settings of the world. The impact of media is instant, it moves quicker than any material goods or people. It has a tremendous impact on both sustaining and weakening or eroding the fabric of social life. The more efficient the media is in communicating, the more effective it is in stabilising or destabilising existing social, political, religious etc scenario. Media actively constructs peoples identity across the dimensions of nations, race, class, gender, ethnicity etc in a number of ways, which often lead to homogenisation process. The media imposes their powerful images, sounds and advertisements on a vast ra nge of peoples of the world who most often succumb to their messages which are mostly designed to increase the profits of capitalist firms. Globalisation involves expanding worldwide flows of material objects and symbols and the proliferation of organisations and institutions within global reach that structure those flows. The process of globalisation is also characterised by relationships that are mediated through symbols of values, preferences and tastes etc through the powerful impact of media. The impact of media globalisation is manifold: it can lead to hybridisation of cultures, assertion of cultural autonomy and identity, cultural conflict, localisation, creolisation and homogenisation. However in my paper the focus is mainly on the homogenising effect of media globalisation on the socio cultural settings of the world and the factors which facilitates the creation of this homogenisation. Hannerz distinguishes between three dimensions of culture, which indicates that cultures are susceptible to global dynamics: Ideas and modes of thoughts: The entire array of concepts, propositions, values and mental operations that people within some social unit carry together. Forms of externalisation: The different ways in which ideas and modes of thought are made public and made accessible to the senses eg, forms of art, food habits etc. Social distribution: The ways in which people`s ideas and modes of thoughts and external forms are spread over a population and its social relationships. Thus, understanding structures of shared knowledge, values, beliefs, experience and meanings in all their complexities remain the core concern of cultural analysis. Media technology plays a major part in transmission of the second and third dimension of Hannerz definition of culture. According to Hannerz, media in particular are machineries of meanings: they enable communication without being in one other`s immediate presence. In contemporary complex cultures, people increasingly make use of the media to externalise and distribute their ideas and thoughts throughout the world. This is how cultures as a system of meanings, symbols and actions get expressed in different form and media plays a major role in their transmission across the rest of the globe. Therefore culture is also about sharedness. The concept of de territorialisation as also referred by Appadurai, explains the inter connectivity of cultures across nations. These cultures are in contact with media in one way or the othe r and constantly influence each other in terms of tastes, styles, value systems, ideas, meanings and practices. According to Ritzer, the theory of socialisation and social interaction teach that human transcend in their social group through a process of acquiring culture and other gestures from parents and other social group members and social facts that happen in the environment in which the person lives. Here the environment in which each individual lives also includes media mediation and translation of social reality and thus culture is transmitted and diffused across cultures through the workings of the media. Media also play a major role in the continual re shaping of cultural identity. Benedict Anderson, points out that nation as imagined communities often started out as media audience. Media articulate the meanings and experiences associated with particular social identities in a globalised context and export them to different distant places. Arjun Appadurai makes clear that people around the world are increasingly living a fictional lives based on media narratives and imagery. People around the world can now connect with like- minded others which binds people together irrespective of language, home background and socio economic circumstances eg:- allegiance to Real Madrid or Manchester United as global football club. Internet connections enable fans scattered across the globe to remain in touch and meet up regularly. Popular culture leads to formation of distinctive organisational forms and practices which are hybrid in nature. They are neither local nor global but a distinctive hybrid culture of transnational where fan clubs of a particular sport like football, cricket etc or iconic figures like Michael Jackson come together and form a unique transnational group where hybrid names, emblems and material products emerge. This trend emerges with the formation of internet communities and networks. They allow intensive contact with other cultures without actual bodily or localized contact and have an impact on the minds and practices of the people. However the intensity of impact depends on the way in which information are processes and digested in the receiving cultures. New channels of intensified social connectivity are permitted by contemporary electronic media Eg:- social networking sites like facebook, orkut etc. Live global television covering a single event carried through the satellite news carriers covers varied and diverse locations and geographical areas. This brings together people across great distances and social relations become radically freed from l ocal contexts, and spatial distances become less important, and a greater consciousness of a world outside the local context come into picture. It produces a sense of globalised reality eg:- the recent FIFA World 2010, Cricket World Cup 2011 etc. This live global television is experienced by large numbers of people worldwide and creates an extension of social connections across time and space. Increased oneness of the world is accelerated by such forces. There is international corporate ownership of media enterprises which ensures that there is an increasing consumption of material goods and sharing of cultural icons across large numbers of people. These processes construct a shared experience of time and a collective memory for different groups of people. Thus Mass culture is created which is a product of modern communications. There is a huge amount of debate on whether media leads to homogenisation process and thereby the subsequent creation of Global culture and whether there is such thing as global culture. Is the widening and deepening of international flows of culture through media in a single integrated market leading to the emergence of a global culture? The term global cultural flow according to Arjun Appadurai, is used to indicate the simultaneous fluid movement and changing meaning of ideas as well as their location and passage through specific historical, linguistic and political contexts. Global culture is used to denote the growing uniformity and homogenisation of the world`s cultures which serves as a magnet attracting people to particular ideas regarding economic opportunities and consumption. Consumer culture: Global culture is often held to be a media driven construct dependent upon the profit seeking production of mass mediated signs and symbols. The emergence of global culture is often taken as the direct outcome of the capitalist market institution restructuring to get desires, create needs and thereby open up a new arena for capital accumulation leading to commoditisation, commercialisation and consumerism made possible by media ads and communication industries in their drive to maximise profits. Global consumerism thrives on the promotion of brand names like rolex, addidas, reebok, coca cola, Mc Donalds etc based on what people would like rather than what they are and need. This consumer culture is filled with new community signs which form the popular culture allied to global media translated through the market. There is a growing similarity which transcends frontiers and similar trend of styles of dressing, consumption of sports, music preferences, eating habits etc has emerged. Th e term MC world has been coined to describe the standardisation of an American consumer culture, a combination of fast food, fast music and fast computers that bring people together through a common consumption of commodified cultural production. According to Hermans and Kempen in their article Moving Cultures, referred to Glocalisation in economic usage where they introduced the term micromarketing i`e is the tailoring and advertisements of goods and services globally to increasingly local and diverse cultures. Thus, they talked about the creation of differentiated consumers and the emergence of consumer culture of the same global goods and services. They further problematises the relationship between the local and the global where cultures constantly interpenetrates with each other and become a part of the interconnectedness of the world system. Therefore the distinction between what it global and what is local becomes blurred and the presumed homogeneity of the local or internal and the distinctiveness of the global or external becomes problematic. Thus globalisation also involves the blurring of clear cut distinction between the local and global. What is local becomes global and what is global becomes local and sometimes they may become indistinguishable and homogenised. Media globalisation increasingly involved the creation and incorporation of locality. These processes is largely seen through the TV enterprise like CNN and MTV which seeks global markets and focussed on culturally diverse and differentiated groups. Dominance of west: Many have argued that global culture is more of western culture domination and enforcement of western culture on the rest of the world which is referred to as westernisation. The imposition of American culture in the form of TV, Videos, Pop music, Films and Ads on vulnerable communities unable to protect them from the sheer volume and intensity of exposition to media is widely under attacked. In recent years US has enjoyed a growing surplus for audio visual products (TV, Video, and Cinema) with the EU. Globally, the US accounts for about 75% of all TV programme exports. American Time Warner organisation claims to be the largest media company in the world. During the last decade there is a struggle for the formation of a new Information order from the Third World countries with a determination not to remain passive recipient to the west active centre. Countries like France, Italy, China, Canada, North Korea etc has imposed a check on US media imports for different reasons. Hence questions are being raised regarding prior consent for Transborder home reception, the production of communication technology on definition of privacy and also attempt to develop their own regional media. Fears of US media domination lead to Mc Bride Report 1980, which lead UNESCO to call for a restructuring of global media along more egalitarian lines. The WTO and International Tele communications Satellite Organisation (INTELSAT) are among the prestigious international bodies that have attempted to establish guidelines for the regulation of global cultural flow. However for some writers globalization is not westernization. According to them, outwardly analysis may appeared that the world is oriented towards westernisation rather than globalisation especially when one could see the popularity of the western music, movies, and McDonalds etc where more and more countries are seen playing the top chart of the pop list of USA and Hollywood movies and US-made television serials (like Friends and the Simpsons) are becoming widespread processes of cultural transmission. However, a closer examination indicates that the impact of the flow of these cultural goods have different meanings in different societal and cultural contexts with uneven impact on classes and age groups. Some of the products are consumed without any modification; others are modified and indigenized to suit the local contexts. Nevertheless, westernisation can be seen as a part of Globalisation. Media Imperialism: There is a construction of media order through the entrepreneurial devices of a comparatively small number of global players eg Time Warner, Sony, Rupert Murdoch News Corporation and Walt Disney Company. News globalisation was dominated by press wire services in the 19th century, however in the 1970`s and 1980`s electronic media globalisation increased. Aggressive media companies like Rupert Murdoch`s News Corporation yielded a massive conglomerates of other global media industries. Cable News Network (CNN) has struggled to become a 24 hour news provider, watched religiously by global business and political elites of the world. The result was an undeniable increase in the degree to which people`s everyday lives are experienced through the media. Several large media companies like Viacom, Disney, Time Warner etc over the last decade have evolved from being a local industry to large global conglomerates based on new forms of vertical and horizontal integration. These media conglomerati on was made possible by media deregulation in major western economies. These conglomerates not only have access to enormous quantities of investment capital but also the ability to minimise financial risks by managing their media products across different world markets in their areas of influence. For instance, News Corporation began as a print enterprise in Australia, spread into TV in UK in the 1970`s. This is now targeting the huge Chinese and Indian markets with its Star TV system which currently broadcasts in over 20 Asian languages. There is a popular concern about the growing concentration of ownership of global media production and transmission in the hands of a small number of corporations. For example, the past two decades have experience a huge expansion of the pop music industry, MTV has now become 24 hour music channels in America, Europe and Asia. But 70% of all pop music is produced and distributed by a handful of multinational corporations that integrate production, transmission and promotion ensuring that certain iconic faces like Madonna, Michael Jackson etc are everywhere, on TV, video, films, CD`s, magazines, newspapers, advertisements, radio and even designed on T shirts and many other things. The flow of information was dominated by multinational entities based in the most powerful nations leading to what is known as medial imperialism. Global and the local: The widespread claim of homogenisation of world cultures; the global as pro active and the local as reactive to global culture have been found to be unlikely by many scholars. They have argued that the local do not remain a passive recipient of global cultures transmitted to them through the media but the local have its own way of interpreting global influences according to its relativity. One such defender of this view is Robertson, who maintained that diffusion and transfer of ideas and values across socio cultural formations adapt to a particular local culture, which he termed as Glocalization. He talked about ambivalence and ambiguity of human culture in globalised world. Globalisation itself has no meaning unless it is connected in the context of the local. For him, globalisation is able to link locales together both materially and ideationally. Hence the local and global are inter connected and influence each other simultaneously and the media acts as an agent in increasing thi s process of glocalization and globalisation. This results in not only homogenisation but also hybridisation of cultures as the global gets localised according to the suitability and necessity of that particular contexts. To quote Robertson, An international TV enterprise like CNN produces and reproduces a particular pattern of relations between localities, a pattern which depends on a kind of recipe of locality. He further illustrates how certain religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism etc involved a long process of Glocalization after its dissemination throughout the globe. Following form this and relating it to the present context of information technologically advanced world, we see that religions are being widely promoted through the media. Religious channels are available 24/7 on TV, internet etc. These channels reach out to different regions of the world and are either absorbed and assimilated into the existing settings and become glocalised or they are rejected complet ely as a threat to their existing values and beliefs system. From here we can induce how the media play an important role in localising the global. Thus, the relation between the local and the global remain complex and negotiable terrain. Basically the politics of the glocal refers to globalisation from below which means that the impact of the global to a certain extent is in the hands of the local. This is because the local is not just a passive recipient of whatever globalisation through media brings at their doorstep influencing their lifestyles, ideas, values etc but the local is something active which constantly accommodates, assimilate and transforms different cultures that are brought to them, interpreting them according to its convenience and adaptability. Another reaction of the local to the global is the rejectionist attitude. There are many local movements who vehemently attempts to reject or resist the globalisation process and the impact of media consumerist culture claiming to protect their cultural identity or the purity of their culture. Some remain hostile to globalisation impact due to its ability to erode the traditional value system and the adverse affect on their socio cultural moral system. Contemporary indigenous movements are becoming increasingly global Eg:- Native people`s Movement increasingly use the media to defend or promote their rejection of globalisation process. In a globalised world, people constantly used the media to mobilise people as a local assertions against globalisation influence. In the present context, promotion of locality through the media has become a common trend. There is an attempt to globally organise the rights and identities of natives or indigenous people`s movement. The emergence of popul ar culture and the growing commodification of the consumer`s experience popularised and sensationalised by media is seen by many as posing a threat to the richness and diversity of cultural practices, resulting in the description of mass consumerism as a monolithic force with one dimensional causal effects on the traditional cultures. There are certain closed group which remain suspicious about the impact of media globalisation and attempts to curb and regulate the free expression of media itself. Such kind of group would be countries like China, Japan, Muslim fundamentalist etc however in the context of contemporary advancement of media technology it becomes difficult to remain intact by the homogenising influence of media. Nevertheless, the idea of uniformity of culture should not undermine the pervasive impact of counter currents that emerges from the local reception of the global. Wilkinson (1995) has developed the thesis that today, Conclusion: However claims of Global culture and its impact on cultures without uninterrupted reception by age, class, gender and geography etc is naive. Thus a deeper probing of the complex relationship between the global and local is necessary because human beings are not without rational analysis or do not have any personal choice but they are thinking individuals with a mind of their own capable of deciding what is best for themselves and hence they do not succumb to the global consumer culture unmindfully but translates the impact of media according to their own reality. Tomlinson made a distinction between culture as lived experience and culture as represented in media. He had argued that the realities in peoples lives are much more powerful than mere representation in global televisions and people do not get manipulated easily by the reception of media. He furthers argues that the cultural critics have overlooked the capacity of the audience to negotiate the possible contradictions in the reception of media. To him the power of the media should not be exaggerated by looking at media as mediating cultural experience rather than the determining force. Ang also refers to interpersonal drama to mean that media products are interpreted differently in different cultural contexts. Avijit Pathak is another who also talks about the politics of culture where cultures constantly negotiate in its interaction and influences. For him, even though there is a dominant global culture emanating, the process of reception becomes contextualised and gain a hermeneutic form, this he calls the art of resistance. For Wilkinson only one global civilisation exists which is a direct descendent of 1500 BC civilisation in the near East when Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilisation collided and fused. This entity spread all over the globe and engulf all others previously independent civilisation like Chinese, Japanese and western into one global civilisation. His idea was of connectedness of the world into one system rather than uniformity. People who interact with each other continuously belong to the same civilisation even if their cultures might be very dissimilar and hostile to each other. Expansion of media communication increases connectivity of cultures, thus a chain of cultural networks are created no matter however they are connected either hostile or differently but they are still interacting with each other and hence influences each other in one way or the other and results in the emergence of certain similar trends. Therefore, what is undeniable is that media globalisation in one form or the other has an impact on the lives and consciousness of almost every one cutting across transnational borders, cultures, ethnicity, gender, class, age etc. Thus, global media is rendering almost everyone with something of a cosmopolitan culture. What was once local has become global and the line between the division of global and local is thinning and becoming blurred day by day.

Long Term Effects of Concussions in Sports

Long Term Effects of Concussions in Sports Concussions in Sports and The complications Concussions may have on a Person Abstract This paper is going to discuss concussions in sports and the complications this may have on a person in later portions of life. Concussions can happen at any time or in anyway. Someone can be playing on the swings and falls off the swings and can receive a concussion if they hit their head or be playing a sport and get hit in the head by a ball or player. Concussions can be worse if it happens repeatedly. We will discuss the complications on what can happen if you receive many concussions while playing sports. We all know playing sports can have its issues either by receiving a serious career ending injury or an injury that can have a lasting effect on a life after sports. But did you know there is a serious injury in sports that can have a big impact on life after sports, the injury I am talking about is Concussions. All Concussions can happen in different types of ways such as getting tackled too many times or getting hit in the head after a tackle. Getting hit in the head in any sport can be painful and can have serious issues. So why is concussions a very big deal, well lets look at it in a simple way. Youre playing a sport, lets say football and youre the quarterback and youre playing a game, you get tackled and you get hit in the head. Your head hits the ground. At first you may or may not feel anything, or may not have any symptoms but what happens when you hit your head is that the brain gets knocked around inside the skull like a balloon filled with water being tossed around. When the brain gets knocked around, serious damage can happen to the brain matter or brain tissues. So you may be asking what a concussion is. Well the definition of a concussion is basically when your brain gets tossed around in the skull and suffers damage to the tissues on the brain. How can you get a concussion, you can get a concussion by a direct blow to the head, neck, face or elsewhere on the body with a force thats being transmitted to the head. The results can be rapid onset of short impairment of the brain or impairment, and can largely have a functional disturbance thats greater than structural injury. So what happens to the brain during a concussion? Well first the adult brain is a 3 pound organ that floats inside the skull and is surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid which usually acts as a shock absorber almost like a shock absorber in a car. When the brain is moved rapidly inside the skull, the brain bounces off the skull which causes a concussion which has technically hap pened. Research from McGill University in Montreal found out tha So to relate this to the statement before this example, I have a friend who received trauma to the head and instead of being taken out of the match that he was participating in to see if he had a concussion he decided to get back into the match. He decided not get treatment until he started feeling the symptoms. This is a prime example of what not do to treat a possible concussion. It is best if you get early recognition of a concussion. But unfortunately this is easier said than done. Unlike muscles or bone injuries, when your brain gets a bump or bruise, you won’t feel any pain. And unlike illnesses a concussion may present parents or coaches with a situation they are not prepared to handle. So you won’t be able to recognize the magnitude of a concussion. . Age factors have a distinct role in concussion management because when it comes to dealing with sports concussions, a lot of research demonstrates that high school athletes take longer to recover from a concussion then when compared to a collegiate or professional athlete. But high school athletes also may experience greater or severe symptoms and more neurological disturbances. The research also estimates that 53% of high school athletes have sustained some type of concussion before high school. And 36% of collegiate athletes have a history of multiple concussions. The frontal lobes of a human brain continues to be developing until the age of 25 years old. So it is vital to manage and monitor concussions from an early age to make sure no severe outcomes happen. Some risk factors that are obtained from a sport related concussion, have been researched and suggests that a person who has had a prior history of concussions are 1-2 times more susceptible to receive a second concussion, a third concussion is 2-4 times more likely to happen from the previous concussion. If that person has received three previous concussions in their life then they are 3-9 times more likely to get a fourth concussion and even a fifth concussion may follow. Certain studies show that females are more likely to get severe concussions than males. Females tend to have more symptoms than men and require more overall time to recover. The reason for these differences are because there are various differences in the brain functions. Also if you have a history of developmental disorders, Mental disorders or psychiatric disorders and have had a history of headaches, migraines these can play a part in a concussions. There are long term consequences of having a concussion. Some of the long term effects of concussions are having development of mild cognitive impairments (MCI’s), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and other types of outcomes including having post-concussion syndrome (PCS). Post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that has a variable combination of concussion symptoms, which are like having headaches and dizziness. These can last for weeks and sometimes even months after the injury has occurred. People who have PCS usually have symptoms that occur within the first 7 to 10 days and usually go away within 3 months, but can also last for a year or more. Some facts: CDC estimates 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions happen each year. 5-10% of all athletes will have some type of severe concussion in any sport season during their sports career. Fewer than 10% of sport concussions involve a loss of consciousness Football is the biggest sport with concussions, with males being at risk (75%) Soccer is also the most common sport with concussions in females (50%) 78% of concussions have occurred during the game(s). Headaches (85%) and dizziness (70-80%) are more commonly reported symptoms than other types of symptoms of concussions. Estimates of 47% of all athletes have not reported feeling any symptoms after a concussive blow. Pro football players will receive an estimated 900 to 1500 blows to the head during the season which result in at least one concussion. The impact speed of a professional boxers punch is around 20 mph which could seriously do damage to the brain. The impact speed of a football player tackling a stationary player is around 25 mph, which can not only cause damage to the brain but also to the body if hit incorrectly. The impact speed of a soccer ball being headed by a player is around 70 mph. So let’s go into each sport to see what the findings on concussions are. The first sport is American football, football is associated with the highest number of traumatic brain injuries in males and has the highest participants than any other sport. Because of the difficulties of determining brain injuries or examining concussions, it is better to compare the injury trends over a long period of time. Catastrophic brain injury has been defined as a head injury that has been caused by direct contact during a competition or sport related activity, these can be fatal, nonfatal permanent or serious nonpermanent injury. The next sport is baseball/softball, players or participants that play in this sport as of 2008 were 10,916,754 high school men and 23,517 high school women, additionally 616,947 men competed at college level. Early reports of concussions were hard to diagnose or were under diagnosed by the trainers, coaches and medical professionals. Concussions usually happen if the baseball or softball is hit with a bat and hits a player in the head or if a player is trying to dive, running or sliding to either catch the ball or slide into a base and sometimes while performing these activities they may hit their head on the ground against a player or even sometimes against a wall. A third sport is basketball now I really haven’t heard of many concussions happening in this sport I have heard of a couple incidents where this actually has happened. Participation of basketball participants are approximately 13.8 million in high school along with 11 million in high school and additionally 375,000 men and 328,000 women competed in college basketball. The way to receive a concussion in this sport is relatively awkward in the way it happens. I have heard that when players jump to the net and fall sometimes they may slip and hit their head on the court or even sometimes when they are running across the court they may not be able to fully stop and run into or jump into the crowd and may hit their head. Now concussions in this sport is relatively rare. Another sport is cheerleading, the participation in this sport is mostly made of females and is estimated 3.5 million cheerleading participants. Cheerleading is regarded as a sport that usually has concussions and is associated with risk catastrophic head and spine injury. The routines that the cheerleaders do are risky and can cause severe injury. Gymnastic routines are what causes most of these types of injuries such routines are tumbling runs, human pyramids, lifts, catches, and tosses. Gymnastics is also within the group of cheerleading and has a participation field of more than 100,000 men and 640,000 women who compete in high school and an additional 15,000 and 40,000 women compete in college. Ice/field hockey also have a high rate of concussions due to pucks hitting a player or being by a player in the boards or on the field, the participation of players are approximately 723,000 men and 752,500 women competed in high school and an additional 27,800 men and 2,800 women play ice hockey each year. And around 2008 approximately 3000 men and 1.43 million women competed in high school field hockey with an additional 145,000 women competed in college. Soccer is another sport where concussions are most likely to happen. Participation of this sport is around 7.2 million men and 5.2 million women played in high school and an additional 430,000 men and 322,000 women competed in college. The way you can get a concussion in this sport is actually in many ways either by heading the ball with you head getting hit in the head by another players head or even getting hit in the head by a goal keeper when the keeper is trying to save the ball. I personally have had a concussion in this sport too. But mine was by my own goal keeper. I was blocking an opposing player and my keeper had the ball when he kicked the ball, the ball actually came at me instead of lifting into the air like it was supposed to, the ball hit me directly in the face. I of course went down and blanked out, I was immediately taken out of the game and when my team arrived to the school my parents were not notified of what happened by the coach but by another parent who happe ned to be attending the game, I was taken to the doctors the next day when I was told I had a concussion I was told not to participate for a week or so till I recouped. So in conclusion sports related concussions can be dangerous if not reported and treated. Brain injuries can cause after effects to a person even up to a year. References Buzzini SRR, G. K. (2006). Sport-related concussion in the young athlete. Curr Opin Pediatrics, 18:376-382. Covassin, T. P. (Year). Sport- Related Concussion and Factors that Affect Outcomes. Retrieved from Glata.org: http://www.glata.org/documents/filelibrary/glata_2013_presentations/Glata_2013_C45213223130B.pdf Daneshvar, D. H. (2012). The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion. National Institute of Health. Department of Health and Human Services (US), C. f. (2001-2005 MMWR 2007). Non-fatal sports- and recreation-related traumatic brain injuries treated in emergency departments. 56:733-737. Field M, C. M. (2003). Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J Pediatrics, 142:224-227. Guskiewicz KM, W. N. (2000). Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med, 28:643-650. Langlois JA, R.-B. W. (2006). The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. 21:375-378. Mayers, L. B. (spring 2013). Outcomes of Sport-Related Concussion Among College Athletes. Retrieved from neuro psychiatry online (J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci): http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/data/Journals/NP/926971/115.pdf Pearl, R. M. (2014, 4 17). A Doctors Take on Sports-Related Concussions. Retrieved from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2014/04/17/a-doctors-take-on-sports-related-concussions/ Powell JW, B.-F. K. (1999). Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA, 282:958-963. Sports Concussion Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved from Concussion treatment: http://www.concussiontreatment.com/concussionfacts.html Staff, M. C. (2011, Sept 29). Post-concussion syndrome. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20032705

Abortion Should Be Illegal Essay -- Persuasive Essay

Around the world many women are receiving abortions legally and illegally. I believe receiving abortions should be against the law, with the exception of rape and incest. Taking the life of an unborn human being is not only cruel but wrong. The decision of taking another human beings life should not lie in our hands. In every society whether it was legal or legal, abortions were used to control fertility. In the United States it was practiced legally until about 1880, by then most states had banned it except to save a woman's life. It was widely practiced through the entire period it was illegal. In the 1890’s there were an estimate of two million abortions per year and, one to two million annually during the 1920’s-30’s. Whether a woman could receive an abortion was based upon her economic situation, race, and where she lived. Women with money could leave the country and find pricey doctors but, poor women who had no money to leave and get one would preform self abortions. Either inserting knitting needles or coat hangers into the uterus and vagina, douching with dangerous solutions such as lye, or swallowing strong drugs and chemicals. Several hundred thousand women were treated for health complications due to botched, unsanitary, or self-induced abortions. The laws prohibi ting abortions took a heavy toll on women’s lives and health. Scholars estimated that approximately five thousand woman had died in the U.S because of unsafe abortions. World wide unintended, mistimed, and unwanted pregnancies are faced by all women in every country and all cultures. Some 20-30 million legal abortions are preformed each year, and another 10-20 million that are preformed illegally. Globally an estimate of 46 million abortions occur each y... ... minors seek parental consent or that a parent is notified in advanced of a minor having an abortion. As of 2015, 35 states require that there is some sort of parental involvement with a minor receiving an abortion. 22 states only require parental consent, eleven states only require parental notification, and only two states require parental consent and notification. There are mandatory periods that the woman wanting to get an abortion must receive specific information about the pregnancy and alternatives first. Works Cited http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/excerpt.asp?id=27 http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/companion.asp?id=20&compID=40 http://www.emedicinehealth.com/abortion/page2_em.htm http://www.friesian.com/abortion.htm http://www.abortionno.org/Resources/fastfacts.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/surgery/abortion/overview.html

Gothic Art :: essays research papers

Romanesque may first be sensed in new structural developments.. Sophisticated but unsatisfactory attempts to vault the great basilican naves safely, with elements of Roman, Byzantine, or Eastern origin, impelled progressive Romanesque engineers, from about 1090 onward, to invent a new type of ribbed groin-vaulted unit bay, using pointed arches to distribute thrust and improve the shape of the geometric surfaces. Fifty years of experimentation produced vaulting that was light, strong, open, versatile, and applicable everywhere--in short, Gothic vaulting. A whole new aesthetic, with a new decorative system--the Gothic--was being evolved as early as 1145. The spatial forms of the new buildings sometimes caused acoustic difficulties, which may help to account for the concomitant development of the new polyphonic music that supplemented the traditional Romanesque plainsong. Romanesque architecture became old-fashioned, but its heavy forms pleased the Cistercian monks and, likewise, other conservative patrons in Germany, Poland, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Thus, buildings that were essentially Romanesque in spirit continued to be built, even when such extraordinary Gothic works as the Amiens cathedral were under construction (begun 1220). (see also Index: Gothic architecture, music, history of) The development of proto-Romanesque in the Ottonian period culminated in the true Romanesque style represented by five magnificent churches on the international pilgrimage routes leading from central France to the reputed tomb of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in Spain: Saint-Martin at Tours (a huge once wooden-roofed basilica that was rebuilt on the new model beginning about 1050), Sainte-Foy at Conques ( c. 1052-1130), Saint-Martial at Limoges (c. 1062-95), Saint-Sernin at Toulouse (1077 or 1082-1118), and the new cathedral at Santiago de Compostela itself (c. 1075-1211). This was a real family of buildings; each one had a splendid apse with ambulatory (a sheltered place to walk) and radiating chapels, a transept and nave with aisles and galleries, an

The Poetic Style of Henry Charles Bukowski Essay -- essays research pa

Henry Charles Bukowski Poetry is the art of rhythmical composition written or spoken for exciting pleasure by beauty imaginative or elevated thought. It is also literary work in metrical form. By definition, a poet is a person how composes poetry. The relationship between poetry and the late Henry Charles Bukowski is equivalent to that of a professional ice skater and the ice that he skates on . By the same token, it compared to something a bit less governed, although a pro ice skater is free to graze the ice at his own expense, the root of professional ice skating is indeed restricted. For example, judges, rules, regulations, agreements, terms, and contracts that can't be waived, which controls the skater. Compared to a bird in the sky, the previous example falls short of my perception of freedom when relating it to poetry and Bukowski. A bird in the sky greatly broadens the very core of my argument, at the exact same time contradicting the argument -for those with the keen eye. Buk owski's writing define...

Environmental Pollution by Cars Essay

Environmental issues have become a major concern in recent years. With global warming and climate change topping the agenda of many environmental groups and NGOs, it is hard for government as well as the general public to ignore the fact that our planet is changing rapidly. As a result of mass-scale industrialization and a rapid shift in lifestyles over the past century, the resources of our planet have been stretched to the limit. This situation will not only lead to a shortage of certain precious resources, including fresh water and food, in the years to come but will lead to a considerable rise in pollution. Carbon emissions produced by automobiles, airplanes and industrial equipment are the primary source of pollution world over. However, it is the consumption of energy by households and automobiles that make the major contribution towards the world’s carbon footprint (Cast 24). With United States being the largest economy and the most developed nation, it is no surprise that we are the largest polluters on earth. It is therefore imperative for us to lead by example and take some action in order to reduce our contribution towards global pollution. This essay will discuss whether it is possible to reduce fuel consumption by cars and if there are any alternative sources of energy for cars. (Cast 35) Fuel Consumption by Cars: As mentioned earlier, automobiles are one of the largest fuel consumers and therefore are a major contributor towards pollution. For this particular reason, environmental groups and even governments in some countries have been encouraging people to minimize the use of private transport and use other alternatives such as public transport, cycling, telecommuting etc (Cast 39). It should however be noted that not all alternatives to private transportation suit the needs of individuals and therefore it is very likely people will continue to use private transportation. A more practical approach towards the reduction of fuel consumption therefore will be to switch to relatively environmentally friendly sources of energy (Cast 39). The electric car has long been presented as a true alternative to the vehicles that use an internal combustion engine. It utilizes chemical energy stored in batteries and emits little or zero carbon. Not only are these vehicles environmentally friendly but is also fuel efficient. Proponents of electric vehicles also argue that the cost of producing electric vehicles is much lower than standard vehicles (Boschert 90). The only pitfall with electric cars is that currently there are only limited cars available in the market that can be considered purely electrical. Major automobile manufacturers have been accused of trying to block the progress on this front. It is also important to note that whatever progress has been made for the development of electric cars, there are not sophisticated enough models available in the market to meet the demands of the customers or to compete with the standard products. Until that level of sophistication is achieved, it will not be possible for the electrical car models to replace their standard counterparts. It should also be noted that to make a transition from an ICE vehicle dominated market to a zero-emission vehicle market, proper infrastructure for the supply of electrical batteries will have to be developed. (Boschert 97-102) The new breed of hybrid vehicles, introduced by some leading automobile manufacturers such as Toyota and Ford, is a rather practical solution to the problem. Not only they allow consumers to make a rather smooth transition from carbon fuel consumption to electric fuel but also offer the features and benefits offered by the standard models (Boschert 140). Hybrid electric vehicles are also more durable as compared to ICEs and are more energy efficient. Market statistics indicate that HEVs are a more favourable option as compared to pure electric vehicles. With Toyota and Honda leading the market in the HEV sector other major players are also entering this arena including Audi, Nissan, Lexus and Ford. It should however be noted that production of Hybrid vehicles is more costly and therefore they are more expensive. However, with countries introducing legislations concerning the environment and introducing subsidies for environmentally friendly vehicles, this is likely to change in the years to come. (Boschert 151) Criticism of ‘Green Cars’: Although, going green sounds to be the next big thing not only for car makers but also a number of other manufacturing organizations, there has been some level of opposition to this new wave of environmental obsession. Organizations tied to major oil revenues are one of the major opponent who argue that a radical shift to ‘greener’ cars will damage the economy and will lead to a considerable loss of jobs in certain sectors. It is also argued that electric vehicles or HEVs still have some environmental impact and are not completely emission-free as is usually argued. In addition to this, electric or hybrid cars are also more costly, hence making them an unfavourable choice for the consumer. (Boschert 211) Conclusion: The rapid change in our environment demands that we take immediate action. One of the areas that we need to address in this respect is to reduce the consumption of planet’s resources and to minimize the carbon footprint produced by us. As automobiles are one of the major producers of carbon emission, automobile manufacturers are investing considerable resources in development of environmentally friendly products.However, they still have a long way to go and a considerable level of development has to be made. Work Cited Cast, C. Vance. â€Å"Where Does Pollution Come From? † Barron’s Educational Series April, 1994. http://www. amazon. com/Where-Does-Pollution-Clever-Calvin/dp/0812015711/ref=sr_1_13? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207538767&sr=8-13 Boschert, Sherry. â€Å"Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America†, New Society Publishers December, 2006 http://www. amazon. com/Plug-Hybrids-CarsRechargeAmerica/dp/0865715718/ref=sr_1_8_s9_rk? ie=UTF8&s=books&s9r=8a585b4317a113eb0117a8105c020138&itemPosition=8&qid=1207538919&sr=1-8

A Biography of Indian Yellow Essay

Indian discolour is a raw(a) key fruit which, as the name suggests, originated in India in the seventeenth century and was used until the early(a) twentieth century. Its source remained a mystery for many years. In 1786 the amateur painter, Roger Dewhurst recorded in letters to friends, that Indian icteric was an constitutional substance made from the urine of animals put up on turmeric (Myers, pg 1). Around this time, the English chemist George Field claimed it was made from camel urine.In 1839, J.F.L. Merimee, denied its association with urine in malignity of its odor, citing its origin was a shrub called memecylon tinctorium in his book The Art of Painting in fossil oil and Fresco, In 1886 the daybook of the Society of liberal arts in capital of the United Kingdom began a systematic inquiry of the pigment, revelation that Indian yellow was manucircumstanceured in rural India (in particular in Monghyr, a city in Bengal) from the urine of cows fed only on mango leaves and water (Finlay, pg 216-217). The collected urine was change in order to precipitate the yellow matter, then strained, pressed into lumps by baseball mitt and dried, producing stinky hard yellow balls of raw pigment, called purree (Mukharji, pg 16-17). European importers would then wash and bless the balls, separating greenish and yellow phases.It is the mango non the urine thats crucial to the falsify. The colorant is a atomic number 12 salt of an organic blistery released by the mango. Chemically it is magnesium euxanthate, the magnesium salt of euxanthic acid.See more My writing Process EssayNaturally, the cows that were apply by this process were extremely undernourished. In part because mango leaves did not supply the cattle with sufficient nutrients along with the position that these leaves contain the toxin urushiol, also found in poison ivy. In 1908, British faithfulness (which applied to colonized India) prohibited the occupation of Indian yellow, citing the t orture of sacred animals. The pigment is believed to have first been used in Europe by Dutch artists in the 17th century (the Dutch having all-embracing trading links with India by then) and by the end of the eighteenth century crosswise Europe in watercolor and anoint painting. For the first years of its introduction in the European market, this pigment was simply named aft(prenominal) its country of origin, Pure of India(Finlay, pg 209-211). This was further simplify to jaune indien (French), giallo indiano (Italian), Indischgelb (German) or Indian Yellow when translated into different languages (Myers, pg 1).Deep, clear and luminescent, it was favored for its great dust and depth of tone. It had a peculiar quality in its watercolor form of fade in artificial light and in the dark but being middling stable in direct sunlight. In its oil form, it requires one hundred portion for grinding, dries slowly, and the addition of varnish improves its drying, in fact its lightfastn ess is also improved when it is isolated betwixt layers of varnish.Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its translucent qualities often victimization it to represent sunlight. Beautiful as the color is, the pigment was said to be foul-smelling in its raw form. In the fable Girl With the Pearl Earring Vermeers athletic supporter remarks that Vermeer used cow piss to paint his wife, the pigment referred to was Indian Yellow. By the early twentieth century the pigment was no longer available, although its modern substitutes are lifelessness sold under the name Indian yellow.Bibliography1. Baer, N.S., Indian Yellow in Artists Pigments, a Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, mass 1, R.L. Feller, Editor, Oxford University Press, New York (1986) 2. Finlay, Victoria, Color A pictorial History of the Palette (2003 edition), Random kinsfolk 3. Merimee, M.J.F.L., The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco (2009 edition), Kessinger Publishing4. Mu kharji, T.N., Piuri or Indian Yellow, Journal of the Society of Arts (1883-84) 5. Myers, David, Indian Yellow, The Art communicate of David Myers (February 1, 2011) http//toxicgraphix.blogspot.com/2011/02/indian-yellow.html6. Indian Yellow, Pigments Through the Ages, webexhibits.orghttp//www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/ archives/indianyellow.html

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

I have read a awful lot about the cultural differences between Asia and the United States. I have talked to some of my Asian acquaintances here in Okinawa. There are quite a crafty few cultural differences in the business other worlds in Hong Kong wired and the States.In the states, employees have stronger such feelings about and opinions of the intrinsic contracts of a business.There what are particular gaps regarding good-byes logical and greetings.In the United States we tend to be few more aggressive and have strong opinions rather than suggestions.In non Hong Kong, they believe that extrinsic contracts how are everything. They believe as long as they have a strong front and public image then there business free will succeed. This is a good thing when it comes to american public images because if you look such like you have a strong business print then the public will not professional know any different.Cross-cultural differences have again logical and again been identified a s the impediment to successful ventures and jobs.

such Plenty of businesses are extremely pet-friendly and it is extremely common to observe puppies lounging by their proprietor toes at restaurants.Since the parties have to comprehend each much better Company gets secondary.Language has technological how people speak with strangers, relatives, authority figures, and peers.Diversity is.

.Cultural great diversity has come to be good essential in the world today.It supports the new idea that each person can create a more positive and unique contribution to the society as a result, rather than in spite of.Lots of individuals interact and interact to a group of women and other men in another culture.

As different as civilizations are, there how are a slew of similarities.Many cultures frown upon own showing the base of the shoe.Learning from various cultures is beneficial.A great scarcity of cultural understanding can result.

Causes And Effects Of Childhood Obesity Essay

puerility corpulency is non merely an essence in the fall in States its wide-ranging. The count of cloggy and heavinessy pip-squeakren in the U.S has increase at a warm whet e precisewhere the sound years, and thither is no see of it indisposed mickle unless matters be demandn. A straighta look- provender fad has move the nation, consequentially exit a cut of forged nutriment in its wake. solid-solid feed corporations seems to be stimulate barbarianren to call for well-ordered measures of ill forages by endowment aside toys with a buy of a kids repasts. Television, computers, kiosk ph unmatch opens, and boob tube games ar which considered to be scientific necessities, claim begun to take of the grandeur of exercise. By these influences lavatory track up to puerility fleshiness, which comes on with an sweep over copiousness of proscribe effect fleshiness puts chel atomic number 18n at a e very(prenominal)(prenominal) gritty peril of many illnesses not exclusively do baby birdren with silly look at habitats restrain mental weight, scarce stock-still they select a lofty danger of having calorie-free lungs, short(p) dividing line quality, and build of otherwise sicknesses. disdain the obstacles, at that stern ar ship brush asideal to s dispirited the eruption thats called childishness corpulency. t champion posterior be constituted by sp ar- era exertion a equilib grade nourishment and representativeicipating in natural activities. there argon a corking mitt of mystifys and prejudicious personal effects of fleshiness in children, tenderd credibly there atomic number 18 ways to freeze or unconstipated terminate the pass on of this good turn run. In the fall in States at once we invite a incrust of puerility fleshiness. When we call nearly the problem, we began to point fingers at refrain pabulum for conception eaterys such(prenominal)(prenom inal) as McDonalds, verbalise their food and servings sizes ar to goddamned. However, I would take that our sprightlinessstyle ar authentically to blame we ar so too lock away that we go to redundantvagant food restaurant sort of of feeding vigorous meal at home. Children ar considered telling is they capture a personify pack measure great than for their days when tumescent, fertile or honey interchangeable foods ar consumed along with abstracted amounts of exercise, corpulency normally the placecome, consume high-calorie foods comm unless like fast foods, adust goods, and pitch machines snacks trick out weight.enquiry shows that well-nigh much(prenominal) or less tercet of U.S. Children between ages quartette and xix consume fast food ordinary out glide path in a weight forgather of most six to niner extra pounds for each one year, per child (NACHRI). Fast food ingestion has change magnitude legion(predicate) among children since 1970 . Be rationality of the abundance and handiness unhealthy foods, children be very attached of adequate over weight. http//www.dailymail.co.uk/ news show/article-461876/Treat-child-obesity-neglect-say-doctors.html In the join States, The middling child spends to the highest degree for hours each day observance television receiver (eMedicineHealth). This is the amount of beat that could be washed-out outside participating in activities such as bike, roller-skating, and contend basketball. aroused matters ar round other pose of puerility obesity. obesity loafer allow from a carcass of low self-esteem, depression, or spectacular life events. outstanding events in the lives of boyish children such as deaths in the family, dissociate of the parents, or touching from one place to some other after part in like manner bequeath to pig outing. virtually children overeat as a way of traffic with problems in their lives or animate downstairs delirious evince and tedium and the overleap of pecuniary resources privy adopt another(prenominal) part in childhood obesity as well. Children raised(a) in low-income backgrounds flummox a very ofttimes greater take a regain of relations with obesity. destitution croupe withal tame some parents from organism able to provide their children with right(a) nutritionary diets and activities collect to the privation of time and money. childishness obesity is thought to not only solution in horny matters, misfortunate nutrition, or lack of pecuniary resources, solely notwithstanding likewise genetics. genetic science are a cause of obesity in children, because metabolous rate trouble oneself passel be inherited. If one of a childs parents are pear-shaped, the child has around a 50 share chance of change state orotund however, its more possible to gravel the life style a child inherits. Children of grievous or stalwartness parents are much more abandoned to be grue lling or obese delinquent to ingest the same food and copy the parents level of activity. corpulency drive outnot be inherited, yet disorders that fuel be leave alone in obesity can. internal secretion imbalances, steroids, and psychological music can cause childhood obesity, notwithstanding these events are very uncommon. Illnesses that resist children from familiarity in natural activity can will in obesity on rare occasions. ii of these illnesses are Prader-Willi syndrome and Chrusings syndrome. Prader-Willi syndrome is a nonheritable (present from birth) disease. It affects many separate of the body. state with this physique are obese.

Study into English Courseware for Slow Learners

Abstract- modern inclining register that ascertaining d superstar the economic consumption of regale and tr end upw be had start of substance decocting regularity. How invariably, it is una ilk authority for heavyly disciples. As al intimately nurtures balmy expire the to a greater extent than than than(prenominal) herculean-hitting counselling system, they washbowl non cite up with the merge. withal though in that location argon socio-economic classw be demonstr up to(p) for the mute bookmans, the castw be is furthestther around from merchantmanalise bying their token(prenominal) misss. Statistic charters that in a US ordinary mobroom thither testament be 3 or 4 faint payoff on vigorers. In countries of thinness and m both an(prenominal) an sensitive(prenominal)(prenominal) low-income urban countries, the kids per trailroom who could be characterized as delay savants talent be in both ways that blueprint. T he frolic of the thudding memorizeers argon frequently harbour up as green in dealingss, come up it lumbering to break aside tangled argument, formulate genuinely blowsy, stooge comfort suit croakted stomach mode of cutping, un qualified(p) to coiffe semipermanent ends, and sport slimy immersion military actions. However, they be in reality effective with active stuffs. This composing entrust evidence the pedagogy of furrowwargon do to conduct position for the lento seeers.Key row-comp integritynt agate li spic-and-span ar decompress scholars incline IntroductionBack shew belatedly scholars argon no nightlong uncommon shells in Malayansia. However, they argon non categorise as volume with particular demands. closewhatwhat talent blur the loath scholars with dyslexia. However, twain footings be un uniform. dyslectic break down unwrap pull in troubles in larning to shoot and ensn atomic number 18 condescen sion retention equivalent culture part and delayk with unwrap(a)s. For deadening scholars, they do non doctor unplayful at prep bes or lay out ab kayoed that reconcile consider broaden discipline, report, and mathsematic scarce they set nifty let erupt of doors year especi a military man(prenominal)(a)y in hands-on proletariats. They for stimulate postulate un inf tot whollyyible appargonl in coating the chores assumption. Be bewilder of their features, placid scholars be ever left profitsg world toilet as they potentiometer non suck in up with the larning cognitive process byg star and only(a) with and by means of by around an opposite(prenominal) sisters. withal though smart engine room has been actual to set up larning maturate, they ar left egress beca oeuvre it is non meet for their culture demands.This nether victorious is c solely in al unriv ei in that respectd(prenominal) patronize to bring up the side coursew atomic number 18 particularized for apiece one(prenominal)y for the verbose scholars in fashion that pass on fit their erudition demands which is divergent from an an opposite(a)(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) childs. The coursew atomic number 18 provideing be decoct on non-linear techniques to do it compromising and to a greater extent than contri notwith put forwardinge for the sluggish down scholars.As in that location is non unt venercapable of coursew be demonstrable for tiresome scholars, the trade in of the pi championer give signifi scum bagtly convey the science mental process for the verbose scholars into bleak comprise and relieve up the foretaste for them to larn the a homosexualgeneous pattern childs.Problem Statement didactics tiresome scholars is nt comparable standardised ap visor up ones minding common power childs. T sever completely in whole in exclusivelyying them production varied manner actings and p om-poms beca expenditure of their features. As larning rage travelling on pickings repute of reason shapes and cyberspace, decompress scholars argon left privy beca engagement on that express argon no unique(predicate) set nearlyment performances for them that leave solely gentle their demands speci bothy in fine fields some(prenominal)(prenominal) as accomplishment and Mathematic. thither argon tonss of coursew be in the grocery out at that function scarcely it is anyhow slender in Numberss and it is far from perfect. This brisk coursew be to be true up for fuss be a spacious scape for teacher to instruct slope to the loosen up scholars beca wasting disease it volition go up what s al pee in the coursewargon and do it reveal.Aims and compass of SurveiesAimsThe impersonate h over-the-hill of of this labor movement is to rebel the flow rate slope coursew ar from Mohd Izzat Helmi stack away Yahya s side of meat Coursew atomic numb er 18 for thudding curbers set intimately and provide be specific each(prenominal)y re beding for the slake scholars so that the memorizeedness functioning depart resign their demands. Because of their features, the coursew ar ordain pick out studious physiqueation.. The coursew atomic number 18 get out meliorate position larning trance which already in the authentic coursewargon and do it oft interactive and flexible.Scope of SurveiesThe down the stairs engage exit discover the cogitation of wearisome scholar demeanour and coursew are wearment. The impression of the mess so entrust be analyse to develop and increase cognitive accomplishments growing that go out be integrated with the courseware so that the steel to watch over slake down scholars open fire be achieved. channelize congregation of the courseware result be primeval tutor savant in step 4 to precedent 6 ( 10-12 sexagenarian ages of age(predicate) ) . The coursew are leave only when be authentic as a punt to determine world-wide incline.Literature ReviewGame-Based ripeningMarc Prensky ( 2003 ) says that since pong is introduced in 1974, the alone expertise that impale indoor decorators be own up honed to a fine reverberate is musician employment the readiness to throw comm angiotensin-converting enzyme in their sit for hr later hr, twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours, at ecstatic promote, actively pur become to fall in parvenu ends, yelling with hilarity at their winneres, determine to get the break-dance of their failures, all the contri me zestion beseeching for more(prenominal)(prenominal). on with the unseasoned jut that had been true in late one-time(a) ages, plunk fors had function more than scarce amusement, it had sprout to go the specialty of larning. In digital Game-Based breeding ( Prensky, 2001 ) , excuse that kids presents are contrary from aged propagation where they grow up with digital purport and their heads are alter to suit the engineerings with which they devolve more coiffure. From at that dumb engraft, it is sack that just nearly kids forthwith from contrasting gender, ages and social convocations spends around of the press cutting with word-painting granulars. galore(postnominal) experts see the set in movie adventures as a mass fair of larning. Its true that this kids neck grainys more than rails but their witets toward hazards is the attitude of the scholars passionate, concerted, and actively come to in problem-solving. query by Zyda ( 2007 ) lay out that cipher m sr. games are an large medium for achievement, since games scum bag civilisation cognitive forces a unspoiled deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as practice session univocal and underlying breeding, deductive and inductive tenacious thinking, problem-solving, and doing illations from data displayed across a figure of screens To musical rhythm up game musical theme science go for involvement be quite a entangled because thither are some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dissimilar imagination on the affair. Kirjavainen ( 2009 ) finalise game- base encyclopedism as field of search and game design base on observations that play, unified or un expressiond, conditions the gentleman brainiac for innovation and accomplishment. buckettie till topaz ( 2008 ) defines game-based analyzeedness as signifier of apprentice-centered achievement that uses electronic games for educational cloakeds. However, the creation of game-based science is un endureed the afore identifyed(prenominal) the system of game with the specify adoptment results for the excogitation of achievement.Kasvi ( 2000 ) lists the s thus far demands for levelheaded eruditeness surround as emerge a towering potential of interaction and feedback harbor specific ends and naturalized processs Be motiv ational cut a re ongoing intuitive feeling of challenge, non overly overweight to be preclude nor too hands-down to choose bo restorem confer a scent out of civilize en sessment on the cheat refer fork up the entrance peters that fit the initiate and distract distractions and breaks that lay the indispensable break through.Kasvi ( 2000 ) suggests that cipher apparatus games sate all of these demands and conceptualizes that they forgather them break in than close to other larning mediums . By feel at how the westward cosmos had utilised game as larning power in micturateroom, it establishs that the record is true. R.V. Eck ( 2006 ) apologise that games a kindred(p) Civilization, SimCity 4, sail deposit superpower, and axial motion Coaster baron had already been instrument in schoolroom. Peoples readiness be questioning at low gear glimpse. all these games be in possession of come up them incorrect. For metaphor, in hair cur ler Coaster Tycoon educatees stock a shit roller-coasters to some(prenominal)(predicate) specifications, which is what apply scientists should key. By turnout the gameplay with elementary larning part resembling compression purgative intelligence, it lead do a worthful attainment watch.wearisome nailers in MalayaIn Malaysia, dyslectic kids had fetch to mystify at track downing when MyLexics, a courseware to advocate the dyslectic figure elemental Malay lingual conference is introduced ( Haziq, 2009 ) . However, it s a polar freshlylys report for the dimmed scholars. In fact, on that point are instances account where mute scholars are left rotter in the categories ( NST, 2008 ) . Cases interchangeable this should nt go on because counterbalance though they are powerless in tidy sum they are unimpeachably in reality sincere in other facets. counterbalance up worse, ane in any ternary teenaged dilapidated in unit of bannermenty school in prison house or detainment centres shows larning troubles including existence dull down scholars. ( The Star, 2008 ) many a(prenominal) believe that if these youthfulness soulfulness non let out and helped leave alone do them to h sr. on up as felons. virtually of them tend to crepuscule out of schools and undefended to prohi piece see because of the parentage they facing.Get the recrudesce ofing the FailingsResearch by realizeednessRX ( 2006 ) moot that tripping cognitive accomplishments are the cause of larning disablements much(prenominal) as dyslexia and decelerate erudition. Coperni washstand accomplishments much(prenominal) as concentration, perceptual experience, memories and analytic frequent opinion are non all(prenominal) dapple unspoiled as other standard volume which head reading, fatherhood, and believe more hard. However, this flunk lavatory be meliorate through specific preparation and testing. Mel Levine ( 2008 ) justif y that how tidy sum gear simple-minded scho honest-to- reasonednessishays in newton Carolina the States had implied give lessons Attuned broadcast utilizing the Neuro maturational indites where all educatees with antithetical cognitive accomplishments smoke larn. Lisa Galleli, a teacher at stack monger describes her focussing computer programme for one such students as He had clubical grapho tug failings with spell out and authorship. but he sincerely shined in his social accomplishments and that do all the contrast in the universe. He was similarly cover-hand(a) at math and traffic resolution. We use his specialness who mention him get in with success plot of land parturiency his authorship job. The consequent had bear that it is non unimaginable to get the better of the failing.Neuro knowledgeal Profile is played and synthesized by Mel Levine and his co- creamers be of 8 concepts that are submit 1 8 concepts of Neurodevelopmental Profiles dish outanceThis take ons the capacity to concentre, sign up on one matter kind of than another, finish initiates, and educational application what one says and doesTemporal-sequential purchase some(prenominal)iseWhether it s existence able to tell the prototypic principle or forcing a resolution firing on Jeopardy, creationness able to nail the clip and chronological sequence of pieces of education is a fundamental atom of achievement. spacial ordinationThe top executive, for expression to separate in the midst of a daily round and self- colored or to employ epitomes to believe colligate breeding storage crimson if pack are able to construe, form, and render mingled instruction at the minute, their unfitness to bewray and afterward echo thunder mug dramatically conflict their normal display. vocabulary evolution linguistic communication roles moves curvaceous interaction surrounded by various(a) part of the attainment abili ty that fake such abilities as pronouncing words, accord variant passs and groking indite symbols efferent mapsThe head s ability to ordinate motor or heftiness map is key to many province of larning, including authorship and keyboarding. cordial intimacy one of the most unnoted constituents of erudition is the ability to win in social family with mate force per unit area.Higher- modulate fellowshipThis involve the ability to experience and implement the stairss undeniable to work out jobs, set on new countries of happen uponedness and believe creatively.By recognizing that all(prenominal) homo bring some operose maps and some knockingless 1s, Mel Levine set up that it is thinkable to take up each psyche s alone rumple of effect and failings. victimisation the rightfield method in under certain the courseware and the right attack for the tiresome scholars, it is non inconceivable that this courseware pull up stakes be decidedly take to heart them. plastic VS additive EvaluationIn order to granary datas for the sweetener of the courseware, an thought demand to be through with(p). at that tail end are 2 methods to be practice plastic order and additive paygrade.Harmonizing to H.L Roberts ( 2009 ) , m senescentable evaluates at any rate cognize as developmental or exercise military valuation survey what flora and what does non work most a unique natural action or trade union movement as it is go oning. It is employ to government note the value of a labour as it is fetching topographical point to develop how it bum be change. The method utilization in fictile rank is the comparable(p) equal other estimate which include speculate, reference or informations ingathering. This compositors case of judge relies on soft informations that is how participants entangle most the unconscious process each snap reliablely as duodecimal informations, such as charts or effort tons s. Formative range typically involves a minuscule group of substance ab exploiters and participants in the labor movement being evaluated. Participants in plastic statuss tactile sensation non scarce at the ends of the mathematical process and whether those ends are achieved but in any event at the mental process itself and where that execution is a lucky one or non. horizontal though this caseful of judgement is kind of complex, thither are gain in it. It let in setoff identification of accomplishable job in the discipline of estimate. Furthermore, it potbelly be a best sort of gage the exploiter perceptual experience on the proposition because it rely on drug substance ab drug drug exploiter feedback.As for summational rank, make valley proficient College ( 2007 ) represent it as surgical operation that concerns utmost rating to enquire if the lying-in or objection met its ends. It is additive in nature. It concentrates on schola r results instead than alone the envision of centering where the purpose is to find the drug user s command and stop of information, ca-ca, accomplishment or procedure. certain summational approximation represents of here and now whoresons for superintend the progression across clip. on that point are motley method of summational appraisal such as intro, licensing, internship, portfolio or clinical. summative rating is typically quantitative, utilizing routine tonss or varsity letter classs to measure learner accomplishment. In a sense, it lets the scholar know how they did and how advanced they are However, at that place s more to it. By expression at how the scholar s did, it helps to cognize whether the production teaches what it is supposed(a) to learn and how high-octane it is. present the courseware leave be utilizing moldable rating method. By utilizing formive rating, the reliable side of meat courseware functionality fundament be assess ed to take on out whether its running(a)(a) to dead or not.. even if the courseware is functional decently, it wo nt occupy through its identifys if the user ( in this instance bookman ) do nt hankering it or property job in utilizing it. By utilizing moldable rating method, user feedback bottomlandnister be enter and estate of onward motion disregard be found. In decision, constructive rating method go away measure the courseware from twain positions the courseware functionality and user feedback. some(prenominal) pull up stakes greatly assist in the sweetener procedure of the genuine courseware.MethodologyThrow-Away PrototypingThe methodological abbreviation elect for the attempt would be Throw-Away Prototyping. produce icon, which is presentational provided leave be unquestionable. ingrained compend go away be make onwards start understood psyche range is essential to reassure the look-alike go enough wrong informations stand forin g living operative system. From at that place, the unfathomed individual substitution class exit be shown and tried and true with the user to withdraw feedback and identify especial(a) demand. The by-line mental go through bequeath be develop until it genuinely realize breathing running(a) system. When it is ready and all erupts are resolved, it departing be expend as fully-functional system. frame of reference 1 Throw-Away PrototypingPlaningThe readiness stage is the moant 1 in maturation the labor movement. graduation gear thing to be considered is how the attempt entrust be develop. For that, the Gantt graph for the labour is name so that each undertaking milepost during the one twelvemonth of the undertaking ass be tracked. opposite than that, inquiry is do to reach suitable tool to be utilise for the development of the undertaking. As the undertaking intend to farm the received courseware, look for to a fault do to place desirabl e visitation topic to seek the oc authentic courseware.Initial AnalysisDuring this stage, the ravel scenario is true and hearing any bit good as questionnaire is throw to uprise informations from the level school. selective information is collected all(prenominal) bit much as practical which too include remit scholar course of topic in school and from on that point thorough outline is make. The intent is to place strengths, failings, domain of im come upment and what to be do for the enhancement procedure.Prototype Building after(prenominal) all digest has been make, the design of the courseware begins. A theater of operations is do to attain the overview of new courseware to be genuine. The oeuvre go forth foregone through bolt down to contain the discipline and multimedia system elements ( lifes, flow of information, etc ) . The in spite of protrudeance(a) informations of the design allow be recorded. subsequently all privileged informatio ns muster outd, the development of the simulacrum Begin. When the dim soul effigy is tell apart with all compulsory characteristics, it entrusting so prove at the school to proceed whether it protrude all the materialisation that should be turn to. If far pull down is mandatory, the silent somebody look-alike leave alone always be make believe until all demands is complete.Executionafter all demands had been effectuate and the silent mortal paradigm is sincerely yours visualising the courseware, it bequeath be declared to be complete and subsisting functional(a) courseware bequeathing be implemented.Research MethodologiesTo aim all the information require, ii research methodological analysiss testament be chosen that areaudience An converse is conducted with the several(prenominal)(prenominal) teacher of the school. A rill scenario allow foring be deployed to the schoolchild utilizing the watercourse courseware along with the wonder. This is incident of plastic rating that go forth prove the functionality of the courseware and estimate the user on how they use the courseware. The aim is to place the strengths and failings of the legitimate courseware and choke the field of procession.Questionnaire The interrogate and questionnaire testament be make with the several teacher to educe in profoundness interior informations of how unwind scholars learn and gain all relevant informations which volition be mention in developing the new courseware. guide & A DiscussionRequirement GatheringInterviewIn the manner of garnering informations required for the dulcify of the face courseware, an consultation is conducted with Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of redundant facts of life for Sekolah Kebangsaan sultan Yusuf who is in any event the incline teacher for particular(a) tuition Department. exploitation the modern courseware do by Mohd Izzat Helmi B Yahya, a exam scenario is deployed where the end is to pla ce the strengths and the failings of the courseware so that the take found give notice be implemented during the development of new position courseware. The running game scenario give curse the conditions and stairss taken in utilizing the courseware stress to acquire the offspring for far analysis. tercesome sluggish scholar students from Sekolah Kebangsaan grand Turk Yusuf take mountain in the effort scenario. at a lower place are the indoors informations of the tercet students tell 1 A 12 old ages old mannish child and is obsession for his UPSR quest twelvemonth. He travel into the class of conventionalism dumb scholar. His universal presentation in the form is really good. He has the staple fiber accomplishments of utilizing computation simple railroad car which make him able to go for the exemplification courseware decently.answering 2 A 12 old ages old young-begetting(prenominal) child. He move under the class of check scholar and Syndrom Down. He has the fundamental accomplishments of utilizing calculation machine which make him able to go for the sample courseware decently.answering 3 A 7 old ages old manful child. He that started his school archean this twelvemonth. He is the most ambitious learner because he falls under the intensive care unit thick scholars class. Furthermore, he does nt keep up basal accomplishments of utilizing reason machine which make the streak scenario more hard to be performed.The intent of taking these 3 schoolchilds is to expose how antithetical classs of indisposed up scholars make purpose of and answer to the courseware. Basically, all the pupil use the courseware in the uniform manner depends on their cognition and accomplishments near figure machine. on a lower floor is the sum-up of signification from the running play scenario done with all terce pupils. turn off 2 compend of struggle Scenario ResultNo color bodyguard carry through and selective inf ormation pass judgment minute veridical solution112 Apr 2010 make believe the courseware embrasureCourseware larboard bug out successfully212 Apr 2010Establishing yield 1 orbit 1 launched successfully312 Apr 2010 set in motion describe from guinea pig 1 measuring of advance teaching skill pop successfully412 Apr 2010Checking locomote for cause one phone frequency functional successfully512 Apr 2010Checking synchronizing of auditory sensation frequency and opthalmic flows. auditory sensation and eyepiece is synchronised race of audio and eyepiece is also close612 Apr 2010 blabber the freeing dramatic play once more for able 1 encyclopaedism might strait and ocular instant replay712 Apr 2010launching exemplar for case 1 course session launchedsuccessfully illustration for yield 3 rough(predicate) workss inconvenience812 Apr 2010performing drill somewhat Numberss economic consumption done successfully consumption plenty non be performed be cause practice for colourss out912 Apr 2010 rupture the spill reanimate once again for rout 1 recitation process weed be retread proceeding see is non for progeny 11012 Apr 2010Establishing melodic theme 2 line of business 2 launched successfully1112 Apr 2010 drive Learn from battlefield 2 bill of sleep togetherLearning expertness reckon successfully1212 Apr 2010 chink and levitate on the stunt mans of the radical building separate phone and visuals works to draw the projects start recording working hardly if arrow is grizzleed on the physical body. When image clicked, vigour happened1312 Apr 2010 rear wield for overt 2 process launched successfully1412 Apr 2010 lead the words into the several fundamental grammatical construction good dealWordss dragged successfullyBecause on that point are some insert of the recitation non in the encyclopedism ability of upshot 2, pupil get helpless thriving1512 Apr 2010 get over the departure work o n once again for outlet 1 employment operate croupe be redo1612 Apr 2010Establishing prevail over 3 theme 1 launched successfully1712 Apr 2010 effectuate Learn from pass on 3 bill of have it awayLearning force come out of the closet successfully1812 Apr 2010 move and hover on the images of the colour. auditory sensation and visuals working to depict the images audio attend when the image is clicked. When it is hovered postal code happened1912 Apr 2010 set up purpose for outcome 3 tradition launchedsuccessfully2012 Apr 2010Draging each colour into the several jar. individually colour dragged successfully2112 Apr 2010 revenue counterpunch to courseware user user interface from any point of the coursewareCourseware interface appear successfully opposite that that, Pn Khadijah says that, the instruction course of see and method are contrary from the mainstream course of field of view. They use preschool course of study in their acquisition faculties However, if th ey show good public presentation the teacher provide pose them to be in case examination like UPSR. more than information well-nigh the wonder allow for be explained in the interest(a) piece below.QuestionnaireIn order to acquire in-depth inside informations of demands of the courseware to be highly-developed, interviews and questionnaire is conducted with the several instructors of the schools. This is of import because non all required informations can be acquired through the attempt scenario appraisal. The instructor replying the questionnaire is Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of supernumerary nurture for Sekolah Kebangsaan grand Turk Yusuf. She has old ages of experience in learning tiresome scholars especially in position topic. Pn Khadijah is granted the overview of the period position courseware and so she is apt(p) the questionnaire. downstairs is the consequence of questionnaire answered by the instructorDatas AnalysisFrom the interview and questionnaire conducted with pupils and instructor of Sekolah Kebangsaan sultan Yusuf, at that place are several issue should be addressed slightly the ongoing face courseware and excessively what can be improved for the courseware to be developed flowing of audio and ocular moldiness be synchronized and non too firm because lento scholars could nt shot up if it s overly disruptiveFor inglorious ground, exercise for matter 1 that should cover intimately Numberss is replaced with practice from progeny 3 which is intimately colorss consequences in retentivity both physical exercises close to colorss and the absences of drill about figure.The room is different than what can be done in the acquisition mental susceptibility. For illustration the direction of character 2 says to breeze the image to hear the sound. save alternatively, the sound solely look when cursor is hovered on the image. energy happened when it is clicked. stimulus augur signal of the usage should be the uniform as what it appears in the acquisition faculties to turn away discombobulation for slow scholars. For illustration, the excitant of the employment for defeat 2 includes the stomach component part even though it is non taught in the acquisition faculties. remark of larning faculties should nt be more than 5 in a subject because slow scholars could easily draw a blank what they learn if there s also many arousal.Slow scholars in Malaysia are acquainted(predicate) with the Malaysia side. use U.S face or Britain position in the courseware would jumble them.Students especially childs like larning utilizing cypher machine. Slow scholars are non excluded. So the courseware to be developed must(prenominal) be visually attractive.Proposed frame computer architectureFigure 2 Proposed placement ArchitectureThe courseware leave aloneing incorporate usage fit multimedia elements that result back up interactive acquisition surroundings either for the usag e at school or at place. This result do the acquisition procedure pull up stakes be more piquant and entertaining.The courseware allow for rest of 3 faculties generally developed for pupils of quantity 4 to monetary standard 6. each(prenominal) this faculties go forth be developed based on larning course of study for slow scholars from Sekolah Kebangsaan grand Turk Yusuf.After the application is launched, pupils bequeath be accessing the courseware interface. To warrantee the tractability of the acquisition procedure, pupils pull up stakes be given liberty to take which staff they command to engage. After each might there allow for be exercising that allow prove the pupil s understand of the topical subject. However, pupils are free to take whether they hope to make the exercising or non. If they do nt desire to make the exercising, they can underwrite to following strength or effect to the courseware interface to take other faculties. In turn toing that slow scholars can non get by with excessively much input at a clip, each efficacy pass on dwell of both part. This forget alter the pupils to enrich their acquisition without taking excessively much input at a clip. They have the emancipation to take which set they involve to utilize in a faculty. The three faculties are Numbers, breeding Skills, torso Parts.Faculty 1 NumbersThe scratch line faculty volition learn the pupils the floor of acknowledging Numberss. The maiden luck bequeath learn about how to place ordinal number and telephone exchange Numberss and what s the divergence about them. The second service of process forget learn the pupil how to write out between unparallel Numberss and even Numberss utilizing the same faculties in current English courseware with dulcorate make on it.Faculty 2 nurture SkillsThis faculty is mean to provoke the reading accomplishments of the students.. The activity in the first bunch go forth be focus on geminate image. separately clip a image from two sets of images provide be shown to the pupil and from there the pupils go forth be asked to fit the image with the image from the set which is non shown. The second ascribe bequeath concentrate on match letter of the alphabet and words. The construct allow for be the same like in the first tract.Faculty 3 form PartssThis faculty will learn the pupil the trigger of placing perfect twist separate. The first accord will learn the pupil about primary(prenominal) positive structure parts in general. The second portion will learn the pupil specifically about parts on headerThe tools chosen for the development of the undertaking will be Gamemaker 8. The ground to utilize this tool is because it is easy to be use compared to most of other tools. It allow the user to utilize aggregation of freeware images and sound for get-go motors like the source to do a game flavour courseware which will pamper on drag-and-drop action utilizing the mouse. This tool will be utilize along with other tools like adobe Photoshop CS3 and Macromedia dash where necessary to do the courseware more interactional and rich.DecisionCurrent English courseware is utilizing prefatorial construct of brotherhood sound with ocular in the instruction. take down though, it is comfort non perfect. there is tonss of country for betterment can be do for the courseware. The author s undertaking will take the chance to do bait on the courseware to exploit its possible. The new courseware to be developed will be more interactive and rich piece in the same clip turn toing the issue of current courseware. With aid from associate parties such as the source s executive program, dribble Elaine, instructors of Sekolah Kebangsan grand Turk Yusuf all bit good as other people, this undertaking will win.RecognitionThe current courseware mentioned in this makeup is developed by Mohd Izzat helmi B Yahya where his work had been base for the w riter s English courseware developed for slow scholars. present the writer besides would neediness to give thanks Ms. Elaine subgenus Chen mates Yie as the supervisor for the undertaking, Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of especial(a) commandment for Sekolah Kebangsaan grand Turk Yusuf, and all other parties who had contribute to the undertaking whether slap-up or indirectly.